Ahmed, R. (2016). The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 1(1), 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
Radwan Abdel-Rady Sayed Ahmed. "The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead"". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 1, 1, 2016, 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
Ahmed, R. (2016). 'The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead"', Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 1(1), pp. 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
Ahmed, R. The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 2016; 1(1): 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead"
Lecturer of Egyptology, Egyptology Department, Faculty of Archaeology - Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
Abstract
In the ancient Egyptian religion, the ferryman was generally called (¡r.f-HA.f) and depicted as a sailor or a boatman standing in the stern of a papyrus boat.
The Egyptian ferryman is known from the funerary texts: Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom, Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom, Book of Dead from the New Kingdom, texts from Greco-Roman temples and other textual resources in about 21 names and titles.
It was necessary for the deceased to summon a ferryman at his crossing, that he would navigate the soul through the winding waters of the Underworld, naturally by means of a magic formula, in which the mystic name of the ferryman was contained.
In all of these sources we find his names, titles, epithets, roles, functions, and relations with other deities of ancient Egypt.
As he was a god in the Netherworld and the ferryman of the dead, he may be the origin of the Greek ferryman CHARON of HADES.
The idea of the ferryman of Netherworld is not found in ancient Egypt and Greece only, but also found in other ancient cultures as in Yorubas of south Nigeria, Mesopotamia, Ancient Europe, Rome, and Norse (Bronze-Age of Denmark).
The paper will try to give a detailed idea about this important and sacred personality in the Underworld and in ancient Egyptian religious beliefs through the textual sources from different periods and comparable ideas from other cultures
فی الدیانة المصریة القدیمة کان "النوتی" أو "المراکبی" یطلق علیه @r.f-HA.f وکان یصور کبحار یقف فی مقدمة قارب البردی.
إن "المعداوی" المصری معروف فی النصوص الجنائزیة:
نصوص الأهرام من الدولة القدیمة ومتون التوابیت من الدولة الوسطی و کتاب الموتی من الدولة الحدیثة و نصوص المعابد فی العصرین الیونانی والرومانی ومن مصادر نصیة أخری فی حوالی 21 اسما ولقبا.
وفی کل تلک المصادر نجد أسمائه وألقابه وصفاته وأدواره ووظائفه وکذلک علاقاته مع المعبودات الأخری فی مصر القدیمة.
ولقد کان من الضروری للمتوفی أن یستدعی أو ینادی علی نوتیا فی عبوره، ذلک لأنه سوف یبحر بالروح خلال المیاه الملتفة للعالم الآخر، وبطبیعة الحال عن طریق صیغ سحریة والتی تتضمن الأسماء الغامضة والخفیة للمراکبی.
وبما أنه کان إلها فی عالم الآخرة وبحارا للموتی فإنه ربما کان الأصل الحضاری للمراکبی الیونانی Charon العالم السفلی.
إن فکرة بحار العالم الأخروی لم توجد فی مصر القدیمة والیونان فقط، ولکن وجدت أیضا فی بعض الحضارات والثقافات الأخری، مثل: Yorubas فی جنوب نیجیریا، وبلاد مابین النهرین Mesopotamia، وأوروبا القدیمة، وروما، وحضارة Norse بالدنمارک (العصر البرونزی).
تحاول هذه الورقة البحثیة إعطاء فکرة تفصیلیة عن هذه الشخصیة الهامة والمقدسة فی عالم الموتی والمعتقدات الدینیة المصریة القدیمة من خلال المصادر النصیة من الفترات المختلفة والأفکار المقارنة من الحضارات الأخری
BIFAOBulletin de L’institut François d’Archéologie orientale, Le Caire.
BdE Bibliotheque d’Etude. IFAO ( Le Caire).
GMGőttinger Miszellen, Beiträge Zur Ägyptologischen Diskussion, Gottingen.
JARCEJournal of the American Research center in Egypt, (Boston, New York).
JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Society, London.
OLA orientalia lovaniensia Analecta, leuven.
RAPh Recherches d’Archéologie, de Philology et d’Histoire. Inst. Franç. d’archéol. Orient. (Le Caire).
SAK Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur ,Hamburg.
ZÄSZeitschrift Für Ägyptische sprache und Altertumskunde, (Leipzig, Berlin).
II- Books:
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CTDe Buch, A., The Egyptian coffin texts 7vols, Chicago, Illinois (1935-1961); Faulkner, R. O., The Ancient Egyptian coffin texts , 3 vols., Warminster (1973-1978).
EdfuChassinant, E., Le Temple d’Edfou, vols1-14, Le Caire (1897-1934) (Vol.1 avec Rochemonteix), 2nd edition by Cauville, S., Le Caire (1984-1987).
KRIKitchen, K. A., Ramesside Inscription, Oxford.
LGGLeitz, Ch., Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götter bezeichnugen, 8 Bde, ola.110-129(2002-2003).
PT = Pyr Sethe, K., Die Altaegyptischen pyramidentexte nach den Papier Abdrüken und Photographien des Berliner Museums, 4 Bde, Leipzig (1908-1922); Mercer, S. A. B.,The pyramid Texts, vols. 1-4, NewYork (1952); Faulkner, R. O.,The Ancient Egyptian pyramid Texts, oxford , (1962).
Urk Urkunden des Ägyptischen Altertums, I-VIII, Berlin & Leipzig (1904-1957).
WbErman, A. & Grapow, H., Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, 7 Bde, Leipzig (1971), Berlin (1982).
WPLWilson, p., A Ptolemaic Lexikon, a lexicographical study of the texts in the temple of Edfu, OLA. 78 (1997).
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