Ahmed, R. (2016). The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 1(1), 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
Radwan Abdel-Rady Sayed Ahmed. "The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead"". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 1, 1, 2016, 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
Ahmed, R. (2016). 'The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead"', Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 1(1), pp. 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
Ahmed, R. The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 2016; 1(1): 126-165. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2017.3902
The Celestial Ferryman in Ancient Egyptian Religion "Sailor of the Dead"
Lecturer of Egyptology, Egyptology Department, Faculty of Archaeology - Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt.
Abstract
In the ancient Egyptian religion, the ferryman was generally called (¡r.f-HA.f) and depicted as a sailor or a boatman standing in the stern of a papyrus boat.
The Egyptian ferryman is known from the funerary texts: Pyramid Texts of the Old Kingdom, Coffin Texts from the Middle Kingdom, Book of Dead from the New Kingdom, texts from Greco-Roman temples and other textual resources in about 21 names and titles.
It was necessary for the deceased to summon a ferryman at his crossing, that he would navigate the soul through the winding waters of the Underworld, naturally by means of a magic formula, in which the mystic name of the ferryman was contained.
In all of these sources we find his names, titles, epithets, roles, functions, and relations with other deities of ancient Egypt.
As he was a god in the Netherworld and the ferryman of the dead, he may be the origin of the Greek ferryman CHARON of HADES.
The idea of the ferryman of Netherworld is not found in ancient Egypt and Greece only, but also found in other ancient cultures as in Yorubas of south Nigeria, Mesopotamia, Ancient Europe, Rome, and Norse (Bronze-Age of Denmark).
The paper will try to give a detailed idea about this important and sacred personality in the Underworld and in ancient Egyptian religious beliefs through the textual sources from different periods and comparable ideas from other cultures
في الديانة المصرية القديمة کان "النوتي" أو "المراکبي" يطلق عليه @r.f-HA.f وکان يصور کبحار يقف في مقدمة قارب البردي.
إن "المعداوي" المصري معروف في النصوص الجنائزية:
نصوص الأهرام من الدولة القديمة ومتون التوابيت من الدولة الوسطي و کتاب الموتي من الدولة الحديثة و نصوص المعابد في العصرين اليوناني والروماني ومن مصادر نصية أخري في حوالي 21 اسما ولقبا.
وفي کل تلک المصادر نجد أسمائه وألقابه وصفاته وأدواره ووظائفه وکذلک علاقاته مع المعبودات الأخري في مصر القديمة.
ولقد کان من الضروري للمتوفي أن يستدعي أو ينادي علي نوتيا في عبوره، ذلک لأنه سوف يبحر بالروح خلال المياه الملتفة للعالم الآخر، وبطبيعة الحال عن طريق صيغ سحرية والتي تتضمن الأسماء الغامضة والخفية للمراکبي.
وبما أنه کان إلها في عالم الآخرة وبحارا للموتي فإنه ربما کان الأصل الحضاري للمراکبي اليوناني Charon العالم السفلي.
إن فکرة بحار العالم الأخروي لم توجد في مصر القديمة واليونان فقط، ولکن وجدت أيضا في بعض الحضارات والثقافات الأخري، مثل: Yorubas في جنوب نيجيريا، وبلاد مابين النهرين Mesopotamia، وأوروبا القديمة، وروما، وحضارة Norse بالدنمارک (العصر البرونزي).
تحاول هذه الورقة البحثية إعطاء فکرة تفصيلية عن هذه الشخصية الهامة والمقدسة في عالم الموتي والمعتقدات الدينية المصرية القديمة من خلال المصادر النصية من الفترات المختلفة والأفکار المقارنة من الحضارات الأخري
BIFAOBulletin de L’institut François d’Archéologie orientale, Le Caire.
BdE Bibliotheque d’Etude. IFAO ( Le Caire).
GMGőttinger Miszellen, Beiträge Zur Ägyptologischen Diskussion, Gottingen.
JARCEJournal of the American Research center in Egypt, (Boston, New York).
JEA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology. Egypt Exploration Society, London.
OLA orientalia lovaniensia Analecta, leuven.
RAPh Recherches d’Archéologie, de Philology et d’Histoire. Inst. Franç. d’archéol. Orient. (Le Caire).
SAK Studien Zur Altägyptischen Kultur ,Hamburg.
ZÄSZeitschrift Für Ägyptische sprache und Altertumskunde, (Leipzig, Berlin).
II- Books:
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CTDe Buch, A., The Egyptian coffin texts 7vols, Chicago, Illinois (1935-1961); Faulkner, R. O., The Ancient Egyptian coffin texts , 3 vols., Warminster (1973-1978).
EdfuChassinant, E., Le Temple d’Edfou, vols1-14, Le Caire (1897-1934) (Vol.1 avec Rochemonteix), 2nd edition by Cauville, S., Le Caire (1984-1987).
KRIKitchen, K. A., Ramesside Inscription, Oxford.
LGGLeitz, Ch., Lexikon der ägyptischen Götter und Götter bezeichnugen, 8 Bde, ola.110-129(2002-2003).
PT = Pyr Sethe, K., Die Altaegyptischen pyramidentexte nach den Papier Abdrüken und Photographien des Berliner Museums, 4 Bde, Leipzig (1908-1922); Mercer, S. A. B.,The pyramid Texts, vols. 1-4, NewYork (1952); Faulkner, R. O.,The Ancient Egyptian pyramid Texts, oxford , (1962).
Urk Urkunden des Ägyptischen Altertums, I-VIII, Berlin & Leipzig (1904-1957).
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WPLWilson, p., A Ptolemaic Lexikon, a lexicographical study of the texts in the temple of Edfu, OLA. 78 (1997).
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