THE RHYTON VESSEL OF PERSIAN AND GREEK ORIGINS IN THE LIGHT OF PETOSIRIS TOMB IN TUNA EL-GEBEL (COMPARATIVE AND ANALYTICAL STUDY)

Abd El Salam, Tony Taleb

doi:10.21608/jguaa2.2023.192274.1126

THE RHYTON VESSEL OF PERSIAN AND GREEK ORIGINS IN THE LIGHT OF PETOSIRIS TOMB IN TUNA EL-GEBEL (COMPARATIVE AND ANALYTICAL STUDY)

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Tony Taleb Abd el Salam

Lecturer at Department of Archaeology, Faculty of Arts, Minia University, Egypt.

10.21608/jguaa2.2023.192274.1126

Abstract

أوانى الريتون ما بين الفارسي واليوناني من خلال مقبرة بيتوزيريس بتونا الجبل دراسة تحليلية مقارنة [Ar]
يعد إناء الريتون من الأواني الهامة التي اسُتخدمت في الاحتفالات والطقوس الدينية كأواني لشرب الماء أو الخمر، ويرجع ظهورها إلي الربع الأخير من القرن الرابع قبل الميلاد في بلاد اليونان، حيث يذكر المؤرخ هيرودوت، بأن اليونانيين عثروا عقب الحروب الفارسية علي كثير من مقتنيات المعسكر الفارسي والتي كانت من بينها أواني الريتون. وتنقسم أواني الريتون من حيث الشكل إلي ثلاثة أنواع، النوع الأول: يتمثل في إناء الريتون المنحني ويكون فيه الإناء ذو قاعدة تُمثل الجزء السفلي من الإناء يعلوها رأس الحيوان التي تُمثل الجزء الأكبر من حجم الإناء أما الجزء العلوي، فيُمثل فوهة الإناء، بينما النوع الثاني: إناء الريتون ذو قرن الحيوان "البوق" حيث يتخذ الإناء الشكل المخروطي. ويتكون من جزئيين الجزء العلوي يتمثل في فوهة وبدن الإناء، والجزء السفلي يتمثل في قرني ورأس الحيوان، أما النوع الثالث: فيتمثل في إناء الريتون بهيئة رأس حيوان. وفي هذا النوع يتمثل الإناء في شكل قطعة واحدة فقط تتمثل في رأس الحيوان، و تناولت الدراسة وصف وتحليل مناظر تصوير إناء الريتون بمقبرة بيتوزيريس بتونا الجبل، متبعًا المنهج الوصفي والمقارن والتحليلي، خاتمًا الدراسة بالنتائج التي تضمنتها والتي كانت من بينها أمر ترجيح تأريخ مقبرة بيتوزيريس بناءً علي تصوير هذه الأواني بها إلي الفترة ما بين (517-460 ق.م)، أي من نهاية العصر الصاوي وحتي بداية العصر الفارسي الأول (العصر الأخميني).
[En] The Rhyton vessel is a drinking vessel used for ceremonial purposes. The significant Rhyton vessel is depicted on Petosiris’ tomb at Tuna El Jebel. This type of vessel became popular in Greece since the last quarter of the fourth century BC, after the Persian wars. Most of it was made of pottery rather than metal. According to the historian Herodotus, the Greeks captured many of the Persian camp's possessions after their victories, including the Rhyton vessels, a pottery vessel that had not before been used in Greece. Therefore, Persia could be where it first appeared. The Rhyton vessel comes in three different shapes; The first form is the curved Rhyton: This form of Rhyton vessel has a base that represents the lower part of the pot, ends in the forepart by an animal’s head, which represents the largest part of the pot, and an upper part represents its top. The second form is the horned Rhyton; This form of Rhyton vessels takes a conical shape, consisting of two parts. The upper part represents the mouth and body of the pot, while the horns and head of the animal represent the lower part since it resembles the trumpet instrument used in the horn. It was sometimes referred to as the «trumpet» instead of just the animal's horn. The Third Form is the Rhyton which is in the form of an animal head. Moreover, the third form is the Rhyton in the form of an animal head. This Rhyton vessel only consists of one piece represented by the animal's head. It was primarily used as a vessel for funeral rites and began to be produced during the first quarter of the fourth century AD. This paper describes and analyzes its depictions in the tomb of Petosiris in Tuna El Jebel. In order to complete the study, descriptive, comparative and analytic research methodologies are used.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Greek Roman Archaeology

References

ʿabbūdī, Hinrī.: Muʿǧam al-ḥaḍārāt al-sāmīya, Tripoli (Gross Press) 1991.

ʿAbd al-Nabī, Munā Ǧabr: «Anmāṭ azyāʾ al-riǧāl fī Miṣr ḫilāl al-ʿaṣraīn al-yūnānī waʾl-rūmānī», PhD Thesis, Faculty of Archeology/ Cairo University, 2010.

ʿAbd al-Nabī, Naǧwā Ibrāhīm: «al-Awānī al-maʿdinīya al-yūnānīya ḏāt al-zaẖārif fī al-ʿṣrayīn al-arẖī waʾl-kilāsīkī (dirāsa taḥlīlīya)», MA Thesis, Faculty of Arts/ʿAin Shams University, 2008.

Abū Bakr, Ǧalāl Aḥmad: «Maqbarat Bītūzīrīs bi Tūnā al-Ǧabal wa Ǧudrān al-Satāʾir fī al-ʿimāra al-miṣrīya», Second Conference of Fayoum, Faculty of Archeology/ Cairo University, Fayoum Branch, 2003.

Aruz, J. & Eth.: The Golden Deer of Eurasia: Scythian and Sarmatian Treasure from the Russian Steppes, New York (Metropolitan Museum of Art) 2000.

ʿAzab, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd.: «Dirāsa li Mawkib Qarābīn Kahanat "Tuḥūt Hirmis" fī Maqbarat Bādī- ʾUzīr bi Ǧabbānat Tūnā al-Ǧabal», al-Muʾtamar al-ẖāmis li ǧamʿiyat al-aṯarayīn al-ʿarab, al-nadwa al-ʿilmīya al-rābiʿa, (Ḥawliyyaẗ Al-Itiḥād Al-ʿām Lil Aṯārīyin Al-ʿarab - Dirāsāt fi Aṯār Al-Waṭan Al-ʿarabī) 2002.

Barker, J.: «Persian influence on Greek » History of Iran, Iran Chamber Society, 2012, MC Miller, 1993, 122-126.

Baumbach, L.: «The Mycenaean Contribution in the Study of Greek Religion in the Bronze Age», SAME 20, 1971, 143-160.

Betrie, W.M.: Hyksos and Israelite Cities, London (School of Archaeology) 1906.

Bieber, M.: «Roman Men in Greek Himation (Romani Palliati) a Contribution to the History of Copying», Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 103/3, 1959, 374-417.

Boardman, J.: Athenian Red Figure Vases, Archaic Period, London (Thames & Hudson) 1989.

Butterield, J.: Collins English Dictionary Complete and Unabridged, New York (Harper Collins Publishers) 2003.

Cherpion, N. & Eth.: «Le Tombeau de Pétosiris à Touna el-Gebel», BIFAO 27, Le Caire, 2007.

Clark, A.: Understanding Greek vases A Guide to Terms, Style, and Techniques, Los Angeles (The J. Paul Getty Museum) 2002.

Cohen, B.: The Colors of Clay Special Techniques in Athenian Vases, Los Angeles (Paul Getty Museum at the Getty Villa) 2006.

Corteggiani, J. & Gout, J.: «Le tombeau de Pétosiris à Touna el-Gebel», The Classical Review 59/1, 2009, 244 – 247.

Geoffrey, M.: «In Egyptian Rhyton from the Eighteenth Dynasty», Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97, 2011, 233-240.

Ghirshman, R.: «Notes Iraniennes XI. Le Rhyton en Iran», Artibus Asiae 25, 1962, 57-80.

Gocha, R.: Testskhladze, Ancient Greek West & Eeast, Berlin, Leiden (BRILL) 1999.

Hāšim, Šahīra: «al-Awānī al-faẖẖārīya ḏāt al-zaẖārif al-bāriza fī al-ʿaṣrayīn al-yūnānī waʾḷ-rūmānī», PhD thesis, Faculty of Arts/ Tanta University, 2011.

Hinrī, Salwā: Ṭuruz al-azyāʾ fīʾl-ʿuṣūr al-qadīma, Cairo (Maktabat al-Anglo al-miṣrīya) 2009.

Hoffmann, H.: «An Etruscan Rhyton in Vienna», American Journal of Archaeology 63/2, 1959, 180.

Hoffmann, H.: «The Persian of Attic Rhyta», Antike Kunts (4.Jahrg., H.1) 1961.

Holo, S.:«Unpublished Apulian Rhyta», the J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 1, 1974, 85-94.

Strong, D., Greek and Roman Gold and Silver Plate, London (Methuen & Co. Ltd) 1966.

Karja, L.: «The Petosiris-Necropolis of Tuna el-Gebel, the Petosiris -Necropolis of Tuna el-Gebel», Tradition and Transformation Culture and History of the Ancient Near East 41, 2011, 231–254. DOI: Https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004183353.i-508.54

Lefebvre, G.: Le Tombeau de Petosiris, Premiére partie, Le Caire (Imprimerie de l'institut français d'archéologie orientale) 1923-1924.

Miller, M.C.: Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC: A Study in Cultural Receptivity, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press) 1997.

Mūsā, Ruwayda Faīṣal: «Siyāsat al-dawla al-Aḫmīnīya (qirāʾa tārīẖīya)x, Al-Adab Journal 54, Baghdad University, 2016, 161-177.

Nadā, Hāla al-Sayīd: «Awānī min Ṭirāz Rītūn (Rhyton) biʾl-matḥaf al-miṣrī biʾl-Qāhira», Ḥawliyyaẗ Al-Itiḥād Al-ʿām Lil Aṯārīyin Al-ʿarab - Dirāsāt fi Aṯār Al-Waṭan Al-ʿarabī 16, 2013, 582- 627.

Qadūs, ʿIzzat Zakī: Aṯār Miṣr fī al-ʿaṣrayīn al-yūnānī waʾḷ-rūmānī, Alexandria )Dār EL Mʿarif ( 2005.

Preater, H.: «Archaeology of Achaemenid Rule in Egypt», PhD Thesis, Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Michigan, 2014.

Rehak, P.: «The Use and Destruction of Minoan Stone Bull's Head Rhyta», In: POLITEIA. Society and State in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 12), R. Laffineur and W.-D. Niemeier, (eds.), 435-460. Liège & Austin, Université de Liège and the Program for Aegean Scripts and Prehistory, University of Texas at Austin, 1995, 435-460.

Rogres, E.: «Satrapal Sardis; Aspects of Empire in an Achaemenid Capital», PhD Thesis, Classical Art and Archaeology, University of Michigan, 1997.

Saʿd, Ibrāhīm.: Tūnā al-Ǧabal durra fīṣaḥarāʾ Durwa, Cairo ( Dār al-Ṯaqāfa liʾl-Ṭibāʿa waʾl-našr) 1999.

Smith, W. & Eth.: «Rhyton», A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, vol.2 (3^rdReversed, Enlarged ed), London (Tohn Murray) 1901.

Šawqī, H̱ālid Muḥammad: «Tal Abīb Marsīm ḥattā Nihāyat al-Qarn al-Rābiʿ B.C», MA Thesis, Faculty of Arts/Assiut University, 2019.

Stern, E.: «Achaemenid clay Rhyta from Palestine», Israel Exploration Journal 32/1, 1982, 36-43.

XIN, Wu.: «Central Asia in the Context of the Achaemnid Persian Empire (6^th to 4^th Centuries BC)», PhD Thesis, University of Pennsylvania, 2005.

Zāīd, ʿAbd al-Ḥamīd: Aṯār el-MenĪā al-ẖālida, Cairo ( Dār al-Hanā liʾl-ṭibāʿa) 1960.

Zaccagnini, C.: Aspects of Ceremonial Exchange in the Near East During the Late Second Millennium BC, Cambridge (Cambridge University Press)1987.