THE REFORM OF POPE CYRIL IV AND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE LIFE OF THE COPTIC COMMUNITY

EL GENDI, SHERIN SADEK

doi:10.21608/jguaa2.2021.93825.1077

|
|
|
How to cite
RIS EndNote BibTeX APA MLA Harvard Vancouver
|
Share

	THE REFORM OF POPE CYRIL IV AND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE LIFE OF THE COPTIC COMMUNITY
Article 8, Volume 6, Issue 3, November 2021, Page 108-126 PDF (1.03 MB)
Document Type: Original Article
DOI: 10.21608/jguaa2.2021.93825.1077
View on SCiNiTO
Author
SHERIN SADEK EL GENDI
FACULTY OF ARTS / AIN SHAMS UNIVERSITY ABBASIYA CAIRO
Abstract
[Ar] إصلاح البابا کيرلس الرابع وتأثيراتها فى حياة المجتمع القبطى خلال النصف الثانى من القرن التاسع عشر الميلادى، کان البابا کيرلس الرابع بطريرک الکرازة المرقسية (رقم 110) قائداً لأکبر مسيرة إصلاح جذرى کان لها آثارها العظيمة فى حياة الأقباط فى مصر. وتهدف هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل المراحل المختلفة لهذا الإصلاح الاجتماعى والثقافى وتأثيراته المختلفة والهامة فى المجتمع المصرى فى أواخر القرن التاسع عشر وأوائل القرن العشرين الميلادى، إلى جانب توضيح کيفية تأثير هذه الإصلاحات على السياسة العامة فى مصر لحامية الأقباط حيث کانت إصلاحات البابا کيرلس الرابع بمثابة دعوة وکسب التأييد للکنيسة القبطية والأقباط فى العصر المعاصر مما أدى إلى انخراط کثير من أعيان الأقباط فى کثير من مجالات الحياة وبما ساعد فى تحقيق نهضة المجتمع المصرى على مختلف المستويات. [En] During the second half of the nineteenth century AD, the 110^th Pope of the See of Saint Mark, Cyril IV, was the leader of a great radical reform program that had its large impacts in the life of the Copts in Egypt. The aim of this paper is to examine the different steps of this social reform, its different and important influences in the life of the Copts in the late nineteenth and during the twentieth centuries AD. It also aims to elucidate how these reforms influenced public policy in Egypt to achieve large-scale and far-reaching results for the protection of the Coptic families and community. His reforms may best be understood in terms of being an advocacy initiative and a powerful tool to support and unite the Copts against violence and other deep problems, including being marginalized in their own country. This paper will also shed light on how Pope Cyril’s reforms motivated the Copts to claim their rights, enabling them to play a pioneering role in the development of the Egyptian society in so many different domains.
Keywords
Reform; development; advocacy; Missionary; educational standard; revolutionary step; methodologies; services; influences; results; reformer; fruitful; consolidate; strengthen; opportunity
Main Subjects
Coptological Studies (Art and Architecture)


References
Anba Suriel: Habib Jirjis: Reformer of Religious Education in the Coptic Orthodox Church. Dissertation presented to Fordham University, New York, 2014. ^cAtalla, Wahib: «al-Bb Kyrollos al-rbiʽ wa’l-taʽl¥m al-lahut¥», Sunday School Magazine 2 (February 1961), 7-9. ^cAtia, ^cAziz Surial: Eastern Christianity, Indiana (Notre Dame, Ind. University of Notre Dame Press) 1968. ^cAtia, ^cAziz Surial: Tr¥kh al-Masih¥ya al-Sharq¥ya (The History of the Eastern Christianity). Translated by Ishaq ^cIbiyd, Cairo (al-Markaz al-A^cl lilthaqfa) 2005. ^cAwad, Guirguis Filta'us: Hay ba'da mawt – awal ruwd al-islh. Tr¥kh al-ragul al-^caz¥m Kyrollos al-rbi^c ab´'l-islh al-qibt¥, Cairo (Matba'a al-Tawf¥q) 1911. Basset, R.: «Le synaxaire arabe jacobite (rédaction copte), vol.3. Les mois de Toubeh et d’Amchir», Texte arabe publié, traduit et annoté par René Basset, Patrologia Orientalis 11/5, (1915), 507-859. Beshir, Victor: Changes in Coptic Social Life Made by Habib Girgis through His Establishment of Sunday School Movement, Cairo, no date, 1-46 Butcher, E.L.: The Story of the Church in Egypt, vol.2, London (Smith, Elder, & Co. Collection) 1897. The Coptic Synaxarion: «The life of Pope Cyril V (and relationship with the late Hab¥b Girgis)», https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habib_Girgis, 02/08/2020. Cramer, M.: Das christlich-koptische Ägypten, Wiesbaden (O. Harrassowitz) 1959. Dor, M.: L’instruction politique en Égypte, Paris (A. Lacroix) 1872. Evetts, B. : «Un prélat réformateur. Le patriarche Cyrille IV (1854 à 1861)», Proche Orient Chrétien 17/1, 2^e série, (1912), 3-16. Fowler, M.: Christian Egypt: Past, Present, and Future, London (Church Newspaper Co.) 1901. Gabra, G.: Historical Dictionary of the Coptic Church, with contributions by D.A. Pearson, M.N. Swanson & Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Cairo (AUC Press) 2008. Gabra, G.: The A to Z of the Coptic Church, Toronto (The Scarecrow Press) 2009. Gabra, G.: «Problems of Coptic Studies and the Preservation of Coptic Heritage in Egypt», in Mariam Ayad, (ed.), Coptic Culture Past, Present and Future, 183-189, Stevenage, UK (The Coptic Orthodox Church Centre) 2012. Gabra, G. et Al.: The History and Religious Heritage of Old Cairo Its Fortress, Churches, Synagogue, and Mosque, Edited by Carolyn Ludwig & Morris Jackson, Photographs by Sherif Sonbol, Cairo & New York (AUC Press) 2013. El Gendi, Sherin Sadek: «Anton Sidhom on the Occasion of the Golden Jubilee of Watan¥ Newspaper», Annals of the Faculty of Arts/^cAin Shams University 38/1, (2010a), 287-294. El Gendi, Sherin Sadek:«Histoire de l’imprimerie et de la presse copte», Proche Orient Chrétien 60, (2010 b), 60-97. El Gendi, Sherin Sadek: «Famous Coptic Historians, Writers, Scholars, Researchers and Notables», Bulletin of the ^cAin Shams Center of Papyrological Studies and Inscriptions Fourth International Congress «Thought in Egypt through the Ages», Cairo 02/04 – 04/04/2013 (2013), vol.2, 17-47. El Gendi, Sherin Sadek: «Six Coptic Patriarchs named Cyril», Bulletin of the ^cAin Shams Center of Papyrological Studies and Inscriptions Fifth International Congress «Thought in Egypt through the Ages»,Cairo 29/03 – 30/03/2014 (2014), vol.1, 27-52. El Gendi, Sherin Sadek: «al-Aiq´na al-qibt¥ya hiwr ^cal mar al-^cus´r (The Coptic Icon a Dialogue through the Periods)», Journal of the General Union of Arab Archeologists,(2015), 230-262. Gibrael, Michael: Archdeacon Habeeb Guiguis, Translated into English by Shaheer Gobran, Sydney (Published by Sunday School Central Committee) 1991. Goldschmidt Jr., Arthur.Biographical Dictionary of Modern Egypt, London (LYNNE RIENNER Publishers) 2000. Guirguis, Magdi & Nelly van Doorn-Harder: The Emergence of the Modern Coptic Papacy: The Egyptian Church and Its Leadership from the Ottoman Period to the Present, the Popes of Egypt, Cairo (AUC Press) 2011. Hanna, Hanna Megaly: Contemporary Issues in Middle East Christianity 1800 to the Present. Education as a Starting Point: Cyril IV as a Model, Cairo, 2016. Hasan, S.S.: Christians versus Muslims in Modern Egypt: The Century Long Struggle for Coptic Equality, New York (Oxford University Press) 2003. Hauslohner, Abigail: «Coptic Christian latest target of blasphemy frenzy under Islamist-ruled Egypt»,Washington Post.2013.Web.http://www. Washington post.com/world/ middle_east/ egypts-christians-worried-by-islamists-rise/2013/01/07/9db90546-58f3-11e2-88d0-c4cf65c3 ad15_ story.html, 2013. Henderson, Randall P.: «The Egyptian Coptic Christians: The Conflict between Identity and Equality», Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 2, (2015), 155–166. Heyworth-Dunne, J.: «Education in Egypt and the Copts», al-Hilla 1/11, (July 1893), 481-92. Human Rights Watch, Egypt: Address Recurring Sectarian Violence (New York: 2013) <http://www. hrw.org/news/2013/04/10/egypt-address-recurring-sectarian-violence>. Ibrahim, Vivian: The Copts of Egypt: The Challenges of Modernization and Identity, London (I.B. Tauris) 2013. Ishaq, Nabil Sabri: «Al-Bb Kyrollos al-rbiʽ wa’l-lugha al-qibt¥ya», Rakhoti1, (January 2011),4-5. Iskaros, Tawfiq: Nawbigh al-Aqbt wa mashh¥rihim fi al-qarn al-tsi^{c c}ashr (Outstanding Copts of the Nineteenth Century), Cairo (Matba^cit al-Tawf¥q) 1910; 1913. Iskaros, Tawfiq: «al-Kan¥sa al-qibt¥ya fi al-qarn al-tsi^{c c}ashr. al-Bb Kyrollos al-rbi^c al-batr¥yarq al-^cshir ba^cd al-m'a f¥ ^cidd batrikat al-kurs¥ al-iskandarī (1854-1891 AD)», St. Mark Monthly Review 596, (2018), 37-40. Kamil, Pishoi.: «Al-Nahda al-thaqāfīya al-hadītha fī Misr», Sunday Schools Magazine 2, (February 1961), 25-29, 35. Leveugle, Samantha C.:«The Copts and the Egyptian State: The Economic and Political Marginalization of the Coptic Christians of Egypt from Muhammad ^cAl¥ to the Present», UCI Undergraduate Research Journal16, (2013). Makram, Amin: The Impact of the Copts on Civilization, Cairo, 2009. al-Mallah, Fathi Yunan: Suwar min tr¥kh al-Qibit, Cairo, 1950. McEwan, Dorothea: The Story of Däräsge Maryam. The History, Buildings and Treasures of a Church Compound with a Painted Church in the Semen Mountains, Wien-Zurich (LIT VERLAG) 2013. Meinardus, Otto F.A.: Christian Egypt Faith and Life, Cairo & New York (AUC Press) 1970. Meinardus, Otto F.A.: Catholic and Protestant Communities Past and Present, Cairo & New York (AUC Press) 2006. Meinardus, Otto F.A.: Two Thousand Years of Coptic Christianity, Cairo & New York (AUC Press) 2015. al-Misri, Iris Habib: «al-Bb Kyrollos al-rābiʽ wataʽl¥m al-fath», Sunday Schools Magazine 2, (February 1961), 11-12. Morgan, Robert: History of the Coptic Orthodox People and the Church of Egypt, Victoria, BC (Friesen Press) 2016. Nakhla, Kamil Salih: Silsilat tr¥kh al-babwt batrikat al-kurs¥ al-iskandarī, vol.5, 1^st ed. Wd¥ Natr´n (Print House of the Syrians Monastery) 1954. Nusair, ^cAbd al-Halim: «Fadl ab¥’l-islh ʽal al-thaqfa wa’l-ta^cl¥m al-qawm¥», Sunday Schools Magazine 2, (February 1961), 20-23. Al-Qumus, Menasa: Tr¥kh al-Kan¥sa al-Qibt¥yya (The History of the Coptic Church), Cairo, 1924. Riyad, Zahir: Hafl al-Dhikr al-ma’aw¥ya al-´l li ab¥’l-islh al-bb Kyrollos al-rbi^c, al-Ma^chad al-^cal¥ lildirst al-qibt¥ya, Cairo (Matbaʽat al-Gaish) 1961. Riyad, Zahir: «Qadsat al-bb Kyrollos al-rbiʽ», Sunday School Magazine 2, (February 1961), 13-14, 20. Rufailah, Ya^cqub Nakhla: Tr¥kh al-Ummah al-Qibt¥yyah (History of the Coptic Nation), 1^st ed. Cairo (Matba^cit Misr) 1889. Sadik, ʽAdil Fakhri: «Hayt baʽd mawt–awal ruwd al-islh tr¥kh al-ragul al-ʽaz¥m Kyrollos al-rbiʽab´’l-islh al-qibt¥», Rakhoti 1, (January 2011), 32-34. Sedra, Paul.: «Writing the History of the Modern Copts: From Victims and Symbols to Actors», History Compass 7/3, (2009), 1049. Sedra, Paul.:«Activism in the Coptic Diaspora», Jadaliyya 1, (2012), 1-2. Seikaly, S.: «Coptic Communal Reform: 1860-1914», Middle Eastern Studies 6/3, (Oct. 1970), 248-250. Simaika, Samir & Henein, Nevine: Marcus Simaika Father of Coptic Archaeology, Introduced by Donald M. Reid, Cairo & New York (AUC Press) 2017. Shoucri, Mounir: «Al-Anba Kyrollos al-rbi^c 1853-1861», Sunday Schools Magazine 2, (February 1961), 33-34. Shoucri, Mounir: «Cyril IV», in Atiya, A.S., (ed.), Coptic Encyclopedia vol.3, New York (Macmillan International Company) 1991, 677b-679a. Shoucri, Mounir: «Cyril IV (1816-1861) Father of Reform. 110^th Patriarch of the See of Saint Mark», Rakhoti 1, (January 2011a), 38-39. Shoucri, Mounir: «al-Bb Kyrollos al-rbiʽ (ab´’l-islh al-qibt¥. Al-ʽshir f¥ʽidd bbwt kan¥sat al-Iskandar¥ya», Rakhoti 1, (January 2011b), 27-31. Strothmann, R.: Die koptische Kirche in der Neuzeit, 1^st ed., Tübingen (J.C.B. Mohr P. Siebeck) 1932. Suriyal, Riyad: al-Magtama^cal-qibt¥ fi Misr f¥ al-qarn al-tsi^{c c}shr, Cairo (Tricomi liltib^ca) 1984. Tadros, Mariz: Copts at the Crossroads: The Challenge of Building Inclusive Democracy in Egypt, Cairo & New York (AUC Press) 2013. Tejirian, Eleanor H. & Simon, Reeva Spector: Conflict, Conquest and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions, New York (Columbia University Press) 2012. Thomas, Martyn (ed.), Youssef, Adly A. (C0. ed. in chief), Heinz Gstein, Paul Meinrad Strassle, Copts in Egypt: A Christian Minority under Siege, Papers Presented at the First International Coptic Symposium Zurich, September 23-25, Zurich (G2W Verlag) 2004. Wakin, Edward: A Lonely Minority: The Modern Story of Egypt’s Copts, New York (William Morrow & Company) 1963. Yusuf, Basim Yasir: «Tatawur harakat al-ta’l¥f wa’l-targama wa’l-nashr f¥ m’at ^cmm», Sunday Schools Magazine 9-10, (2000), 103. Zeidan, David: «The Copts—Equal, Protected, or Persecuted? The Impact of Islamization of Muslim-Christian Relations in Modern Egypt», Islam and Christian Muslim Relations 1, (1999), 53–67.
Statistics Article View: 366 PDF Download: 667

THE REFORM OF POPE CYRIL IV AND ITS INFLUENCE IN THE LIFE OF THE COPTIC COMMUNITY

Fowler, M.: Christian Egypt: Past, Present, and Future, London (Church Newspaper Co.) 1901.