Gad, M. (2021). The DECEASED AND HIS RELEVANCE TO RHwy, aHAwy, 3nnwy, AND 4nwy. Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 6(2), 75-101. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2021.66349.1051
Magda Gad. "The DECEASED AND HIS RELEVANCE TO RHwy, aHAwy, 3nnwy, AND 4nwy". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 6, 2, 2021, 75-101. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2021.66349.1051
Gad, M. (2021). 'The DECEASED AND HIS RELEVANCE TO RHwy, aHAwy, 3nnwy, AND 4nwy', Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 6(2), pp. 75-101. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2021.66349.1051
Gad, M. The DECEASED AND HIS RELEVANCE TO RHwy, aHAwy, 3nnwy, AND 4nwy. Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 2021; 6(2): 75-101. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2021.66349.1051
The DECEASED AND HIS RELEVANCE TO RHwy, aHAwy, 3nnwy, AND 4nwy
Associate Professor, Faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt.
Abstract
(Ar) علاقة المتوفى ب RHwy, aHAwy, 3nnwy, 4nwy التناقضات المزدوجة التي تكمل بعضها البعض واضحة في مصر القديمة. فلدينا السماء والأرض ، النهار والليل ، الحياة والموت ، ألأرض الخصبة والصحراء ، وكذلك الخير والشر. كان أحد أكثر أشكال الثنائية تميزًا هو الإلهين حور وست. تختلف ترجمة هذه الكلمة حسب السياق. من ناحية ، تُترجم على أنها الرفيقين عندما نتحدث أولاً عن الآلهة رع وجحوتى ؛ ومن ناحية أخرى ، هى المتنافسان حور وست ، وبصرف النظر عن أنه يتم ترجمتها أيضًا في بعض الأحيان على أنها الآلهين المتصالحين ، أو الرفيقين.يثير هذا التساؤل متى وأين يجب فهم معنى هذه الكلمة على أنها "منافسون" أو "رفقاء”، في سياق هذه المقالة ، يجب أن نتسائل ، بالأضافة الى ذلك هل العلاقة التي تربط بين الآلهين والمتوفى تختلف عن علاقته بكل إله من هذين الإلهين على حدة؟ لذا ، فقد أقتصرت هذه الدراسة عن قصد على نصوص أهرام الدولة القديمة ونصوص توابيت الدولة الوسطى وكتاب الموتى من الدولة الحديثة ، حيث تظهر الأفكار والمعتقدات حول الألهين بشكل ملحوظ في تشابه واستمرارية. كما تتعرض الدراسة الى ثلاث كلمات أخرى فد تلعب نفس الدور للكلمة رحوى . (En)The twofold oppositions or contrasts that complement each other are evident in Ancient Egypt. We have heaven and earth, day and night, life and death, fertile land and desert, and so good and evil. One of the most outstanding forms of dualism was the divine RHwy: Horus and Seth. The interpretation of this word differs according to the context included. On one hand, it is translated as the two companions when talking first about the gods Rea and Thoth; on the other hand, it is the two rivals Horus and Seth, apart from occasionally it is translated, as well as, the reconciled gods, or the two companions. This raises the question of when and where the meaning of the word should be understood as «Rivals» and or as «Companions»! In the course of this article, we shall have to ask, however, does the connection that linked between RHwy and the deceased differ from his relation to each of them separately? The study is also exposed to three words that come in the texts and that may play the same role of the word RHwy in its binary meanings: aHAwy, Xnnwy, and 4nwy. So, and in the interests of clarity, I have purposely confined this article to the Old Kingdom Pyramid Texts, Middle Kingdom Coffin Texts, and New Kingdom Book of the Dead, as thoughts about Rhwy are remarkably shown in similarity and continuation.
ABT, T. & HORNUNG, E.: Knowledge for the Afterlife. The Egyptian Amduat – A Quest for Immortality, Zürich (Living Human Heritage Publications) 2003.
ASSMANN, J.: «Die Inschrift auf dem äußeren Sarkophagdeckel des Merenptah», MDAIK 28, 1972, 56-57. BOLSHAKOV, A. O.: «The Scene of the Boatmen Jousting in Old Kingdom Tomb Representations»,Société D’Égyptologie Genève, Bulletin Nº. 17, 1993.
BOYLAN, P: Thoth the Hermes of Egypt, London (Oxford University Press) 1922.
BUDGE, W.: The Book of the Dead, The Chapters of Coming Forth by Day, 2 Bde, London (Kegan Paul, Trench, Trűbner& Co., Ltd), 1989.
DAVIS, Th.M.: The Funeral Papyrus of Jouiya. With an Introduction of Naville, E., London (A. Constable and Co., Ltd), 1908.
DE BUCK, A.: The Egyptian Coffin Texts, 7 vols, Chicago (University of Chicago Press), 1935 – 1961. DE WIT, C.: Le Rôle et le Sens du Lion, Leiden (E. J. Brill), 1951.
ERMAN A. & GRAPOW H., (eds.): Wörterbuch der Ägyptischen Sprache, 7 vols, Berlin (Akademie-Verlag- Berlin), 1926- 1971.
FAULKNER, R. O.: A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford (Griffith Institute Ashmolean Museum- Oxford), 1981.
FAULKNER, R. O.: The Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, NY (Macmillan Publishing Company A Division of Macmillan Inc), 1972.
FAULKNER, R. O.: The Ancient Egyptian Coffin Texts, 3 vols, Warminster England (Aris & Philips Ltd.), 1973– 1978.
FAULKNER, R. O.: Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Oxford (Oxford University Press), 1969.
GAD, M.: «Netherworld and its Location in the Ancient Egyptian Conception», Ph.D. thesis, Cairo University, 2002.
GARDINER, A.: «The Coronation of King Haremhab», JEA 39, 1953, 13-31.
GARDINER, A. H.: Egyptian Grammar, Oxford (Griffith Institute Ashmolean Museum- Oxford), 1973. GAUTHIER, H. (eds.): Dictionnaire des Géographiques, 7 Bde, Kairo (IFAO) 1925-1931.
GOYON, G.C.: «Confirmation du Pouvoir Royal au Nouvel an (Brooklyn Museum Papyrus 47.218.50»,
BE 52, Le Caire, 1972.
EGBERT, A.: In Quest of Meaning. A Study of the Ancient Egyptian Rites of Consecrating the Meret-Chests and Driving the Calves, 2 Bde, EU 8, Leiden 1995.
HAYS, H. M.: Transformation of Context: The Field of Rushes in Old and Middle Kingdom Mortuary Literature. In Bickel, SUSANNE and BERNARD MATHIEU (eds.), D'un monde à l'autre: Textes desPyramides & Textes des Sarcophages. Actes de la Table Ronde Internationale, «Textes des Pyramides versus Textes des Sarcophages», IFAO - 24-26. Le Caire, 2004. 175-200.
HELK, W., OTTO, E.: Lexikon der Ägyptologie, Band vol.5, Wiesbaden (Otto Harrassowitz- Wiesbaden), 1984.
LEITZ, CH.: «Lexikon der Ägyptischen Götter und Götterbezeichnungen», OLA 110-116, 2002. Blinde LICHTHEIM, M.: Ancient Egyptian Literature, vol. 2, The New Kingdom, Berkeley Los Angeles London(University of California Press) 1976.
MAHMOUD, R., A.: «The Knot in Examples of Religious Texts», Shedet 6, 2019, 60-73. Mariette, A., : Abydos, Bd. I. Ville antique, Temple de Séti, Paris (Imprimerie Nationale) 1869.
MERCER, S.A.B.: The Pyramid Texts in Translation and Commentary, 4 Bde, New York-London-Toronto (Longmans, Green and Co.), 1952.
MORENZ, S.: Egyptian Religion. Translated by Keep, A. E., (Cornell University Press) 1973.
Moret, A.: «Le Rituel du Culte Divin Journalier en Égypte», Annales du Musée Guimet, Bibliothèque d’études
14, Paris 1902.
OGDON, J.R.: «Studies in Ancient Egyptian Magical Through III: Knot and Ties Notes on Ancient Ligatures»,
DE 7, 1987, 29-36.
PIANKOFF, A.: La Création du Disque Solaire, Kairo (IFAO), 1953. PIANKOFF, A.: The Tomb of Ramesses, vol.4, 2 Bde, BS 40, 1, 1954.
QUIRKE, S.: Going out in Daylight, prt m hrw, the Ancient Egyptian Book of the Dead, United Kingdom (GHP Egyptology 20) 2013.
ROBINSON, P.: «The Ritual Landscapes of the Field of Hetep». Journal of the Society for the Study of Egyptian
Antiquities 34, 2007, 131-148.
SETHE. K.: Die Altägyptischen Pyramidentexte, 4 Bde, Leipzig (J. C. HINRICHS’sche Buchhandlung) 1908- 1922. Altägyptischen
TE VELDE, H.: «The Egyptian God Seth as a Trickster», JARCE 7, 1968, 37-40.
TE VELDE, H., Seth, God of Confusion: A Study of his Role in Egyptian Mythology and Religion. 2nd (ed.), Leiden (E. J. Brill) 1977.
TURNER, P.: Seth – A Misrepresented God in the Ancient Egyptian Pantheon? Oxford (A thesis submitted
to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Life Sciences), 2012.
VANDIER, J.: Le Papyrus Jumilhac, Paris (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), 1961. WARBURTON, D.: The Egyptian Amduat. The Book of the Hidden Chamber, revised and edited by HORNUNG, E., and ABT, T., Zürich (Living Human Heritage Publications), 2007.
WENDRICH, W.: Entangled Connected or Protected? The Power of Knots and Knotting, InAncient Egypt in Szpakowska, K (ed.), Through a Glass Darkly: Magic, Dreams and Prophecy in Ancient Egypt), Swansea, 2006, 23-270.