El-Shamy, E., Othman, M. (2021). ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LEATHER DOCUMENT PRESERVED IN EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AND NEW PROPOSAL FOR MUSEUM EXHIBITION. Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 6(1), 136-153. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2020.30439.1032
Elsayda-Nafesa El-Shamy; Moamen Othman. "ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LEATHER DOCUMENT PRESERVED IN EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AND NEW PROPOSAL FOR MUSEUM EXHIBITION". Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 6, 1, 2021, 136-153. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2020.30439.1032
El-Shamy, E., Othman, M. (2021). 'ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LEATHER DOCUMENT PRESERVED IN EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AND NEW PROPOSAL FOR MUSEUM EXHIBITION', Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 6(1), pp. 136-153. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2020.30439.1032
El-Shamy, E., Othman, M. ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LEATHER DOCUMENT PRESERVED IN EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AND NEW PROPOSAL FOR MUSEUM EXHIBITION. Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists, 2021; 6(1): 136-153. doi: 10.21608/jguaa2.2020.30439.1032
ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL LEATHER DOCUMENT PRESERVED IN EGYPTIAN MUSEUM AND NEW PROPOSAL FOR MUSEUM EXHIBITION
11Conservation Department, Faculty of Archaeology and Tourism Guidance, Misr University of Science and Technology, Egypt
2Head of the museums sector at the Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt
Abstract
This study was done on a piece of archaeological leather document preserved in Egyptian museum storeroom under No.JE90809 SR 5/13677, excavated 1966. The leather document showed different aspects of deterioration types. Different analytical methods were used for identifying the components of the leather document to explain its mechanism of deterioration process. Analytical methods were used: visual assessment, documentation process by high resolution camera and scanner in multispectral imaging (MSI), diagnostic examinations using Multi Spectral Imaging (VIS-UV-IR), isolation and identification of different types of fungi, investigation of the surface morphology and animal type using digital light microscope (Dino light), stereo microscope (S.M.) and polarizing microscope (P.M.), identification of ink binder, amino acids degradation and tanning materials by Fourier transformation infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR) it is a qualitative analysis to give general information concerning collagen, identification of inks by X-ray diffraction (XRD), measuring the thickness by micro meter. In addition to suggest a new method for Museum show for the archaeological leather document as the preparation of a new method of exhibition is considered one of the most important goal of this study, because the current method of exhibition is considered one of the most important reason for the deterioration of the studied document. The results revealed thatthe microscopic examinations of samples clarify that the type of skin used was sheep in comparison with the standard samples. Also it explained the deformation of the appearance, contaminations from stains and dusts, and damages caused by physical factors. X-ray diffraction results showed that the ink used was made of carbon black ink. In addition the results showed that thickness measurement numbers were different which give indicate to somehow the manufacturing process was not so perfect. Also the results of FTIR proved the degradation of the collagen in the archaeological leather document, the binding agent was Arabic gum and the leather was tanned with vegetable tanning. Isolation and identification of micro-organisms clarified the most dominant fungi isolated from the archaeological leather document were: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus sulphureus, Aspergillus versicolor, Aspergillus sydowii, Penicillium chrysogenum, Penicillium islandicum, Alternaria alternate, Aspergillus flavus,Aspergillus terreus. Finally, the storage of the leather document was very poor which led to different aspects of deterioration. That prompted the author to suggest a new method for exhibition for the archaeological leather document. ملخص البحث باللغة العربية قطعة من الجلد الأثري محفوظة في مخزن المتحف المصري برقم JE90809 5/13677 ، تم اکتشافها عام 1966 ، وتعانى الوثيقة الجلدية مظاهر التلف المختلفة. ترکز هذه الدراسة على استخدام التقنيات التحليلية الحديثة لتحديد مکونات المخطوطة لشرح عمليات التلف. استخدمت فى الدراسة التقييم البصري ، وعملية التوثيق بواسطة کاميرا عالية الدقة والماسح الضوئي في التصوير متعدد الأطياف (MSI) ، والفحوص التشخيصية باستخدام التصوير متعدد الأطياف (VIS-UV-IR) ، وعزل وتحديد الفطريات ، والتحقيق في الشکل السطحي و نوع الحيوان باستخدام أنواع مختلفة من المجاهر: المجهر الضوئي الرقمي، المجهر الاستريو (SM) ، المجهر الاستقطابي (PM) ، ايضا تم تحديد نوع الحبر ، ومواد الدباغة بواسطة التحليل الطيفي بالأشعة تحت الحمراء (FTIR) ، وتم تحديدنوع الحبر بواسطة حيود الأشعة السينية (XRD) ، وتم قياس السمک للقطعة. بالإضافة إلى اقتراح طريقة جديدة للعرض المتحفى للوثيقة حيث أن طريقة العرض الحالية هي إلى حد ما السبب الذي تسبب في تلف القطعة. وقد أوضحت نتائج الفحوصات للعينات أن نوع الجلد المستخدم هو الأغنام مقارنة بالعينات القياسية. کما أظهرت نتائج حيود الأشعة السينية أن الحبر الأسود المستخدم هو الحبر الکربونى. بالإضافة إلى ذلک ، أظهرت النتائج اختلافًا في أرقام نتائج قياس السمک للقطعة مما يدل بطريقة أو بأخرى على أن عملية التصنيع لم تکن مثالية. کما أثبتت نتائج FTIR تلف وتدهور الکولاجين في الوثيقة الجلدية ، وکان الوسيط الصمغ العربي والجلد المدبوغ تم دباغته بالتانين (الدباغة النباتية). أوضح عزل الکائنات الحية الدقيقة أن الفطريات المعزولة من هي: Aspergillus niger و Aspergillus sulphureus و Aspergillus versicolor و Aspergillus sydowii و Penicillium chrysogenum و Penicillium islandicum و Alternaria Alternus وAspergillgillus flavus. وأخيرًا ، کان تخزين المخطوطة رديئًا للغاية مما أدى إلى جوانب مختلفة من التدهور. ودفع ذلک المؤلفين إلى اقتراح طريقة جديدة للعرض المتحفى للوثيقة الجلدية الأثرية.
Abdel-Maksoud, G., Abdel-Hady, M.: Effect of Burial Environment on Crocodile Bones from Hawara Excavation, Fayoum, Egypt, Journal of Cultural Heritage12/ 2, 2011, pp.180-189.
Amertaningtyas, D, Erwanto, Y, Bachruddin, Z., Jamhari.: Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectra, Amino Acid Profile and Microstructure of Gelatin From Madura and Crossbred Ongole Cattle Hides, the 7th international seminar on tropical animal production, indonesia, 2012, pp.939-942.
Andreas Barth.: Infrared spectroscopy of proteins, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1767, 2007, pp.1073–1101.
Apinis A.E.: Occurrence of thermophilous micro fungi in certain allvial soils near Nottingham, Nova Hedwigia,
Zeitschr, and Kryptogamenk. 5, 1963, pp.57-78.
Badea,E.; Miu, L; Budrugeac, P.; Giurginca, M.; Mai, A. , Badea, N. and Della Gatta, G.: STUDY OF DETERIORATION OF HISTORICAL PARCHMENTS BY VARIOUS THERMAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES COMPLEMENTED BY SEM, FTIR, UV–VIS–NIR AND UNILATERAL NMR INVESTIGATIONS, Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol. 9, 2008, pp.17–27.
Bailey A. J. and Paul R. G.: Collagen. A Not so Simple Protein, J. Soc. Leath. Technol. Chem. 82, 1998, pp.104- 106.
Barnett, H.L. Hunter, B.B.: Illustrated Genera of Imperfecti Fungi, third ed., Burgess puplishing Co., Minneopolis, Minnesota, 1972, pp.103-109.
Chahine C, Rottier C.: European e environmental, leather project, research report, Copenhagen, 1996.
David, AR..: Egyptian Mummies and Modern Science, Cambridge University Press, London, 2008, pp.77- 79.
Domsch, K.H., Gams, W. and Anderson, T.H.: Compendium of soil fungi, 1 and 2 academic press, London, 1980, pp.118-200.
Forbes RJ.: Leather in antiquity: studies in ancient technology, vol. 5.Leiden: E.J. Brill; 1957, p. 62.
Ganiti, V. Pavlidou, E. F. Zorba, K.M. Paraskevopoulos, D. Bikiaris.: A post-Byzantine icon of St Nicholas painted on a leather support. Microanalysis and characterisation of technique, Journal of Cultural Heritage, 5, 2004, pp. 349-360.
Gustafson, K. H.: The Chemistry of Tanning Processes, Academic Press, New York, 1956.
Gustavson K. H.: The chemistry and reactivity of collagen, Academic Press, New York,1956.
Highberger J. H.: The chemical structure and macromolecular organization of the skinproteins, In: The chemistry and technology of leather. F. O’Flaherty, W.T. Roddy, R. M.Lollar eds. Vol. 1, Reinhold publishing corporation, New York, 1956, pp.103-167.
Kathapalia.: Conservation and restoration of archive materials, Paris: UNESCO; 1973, p. 39.
Larsen R.: Experiments and observations in the study of environmental impact on historical vegetable tanned leathers, Journal of Thermochimica Acta, 365(1-2), 2000, pp. 85-99.
LARSEN R.: Microanalysis of Parchment, Archetype Publications, London, 2002, IDAP, The IDAP project.
LARSEN, R.: Improved Damage Assessment of Parchment, IDAP: micro and non-destructive analysis and diagnosis for proper storage and treatment, 1998.
Liang, H.: Advances in multispectral and hyperspectral imaging for archaeology and art conservation, Appl. Phys. A 106, 2012, pp.309–323, doi: http://dx.doi. org/10.1007/s00339-011-6689-1 MacGregor E.A., C.T. Greenwood.: Polymers in Nature, John Wiley & Sons. Chichester, 1980, pp.142-147.
Marina B., Michela M., Giovanna P., Armida S., Maria T. Tanasi.: INSIDE THE PARCHMENT, 9th International Conference on NDT of Art, Jerusalem Israel, 25-30 May 2008, pp.1-10.
Michele R., Derrick, Dusan Stulik, James M., Landry.: infrared spectroscopy in conservation science, the Getty conservation institute, 1999, pp.108-128.
Nicoleta Melniciuc Puică, Aurel Pui, and Margareta Florescu.: FTIR SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE ANALYSIS OF VEGETABLE TANNED ANCIENT LEATHER, European Journal of Science and Theology, December 2006, Vol.2, No.4, pp.49-53.
Rabee, R.A.: A ‘tafsir al khazen’ manuscript (17th century AD). Technical study, international journal of conservation science, vol.6, issue 3, 2015, pp.369-382.
Raper, K.B., Fennell, D.L.: The Genus Aspergillus, Williams and Wilkins, Baltinare, USA, 1995, p.65.
Richard O., Oruko, John O. Odiyo and Joshua N. Edokpayi.: The Role of Leather Microbes in Human Health, chapter 2, researcher gate, 2019, DOI:
Rohilla S.K., and Salar R.K.: Isolation and Characterization of Various Fungal Strains from Agricultural Soil Contaminated with Pesticides, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, Vol. 1, 2012, pp. 297-303
Stadtman E. R. and R. L. Levine.: Free Radical-mediated Oxidation of Free Amino Acids and Amino Acid Residues in Proteins, Amino Acids 25, 2003, pp.207–218.
Stambolov, T.: Manufacture, Deterioration and Preservation of Leather: A Literature Survey, ICOM Plenary Meeting, Central Research Laboratory for Objects of Art and Science, Amsterdam, 1969
Stevens, R.B.: Mycology guide book committee, mycology society of American university of Washington press, Seattle, U.S.A, 1981, p.123
Valentin, N.: Microbial Contamination and Insect Infestation in Spanish Museums, Archives and Libraries, Coalition 3, 2001, pp.5-7.
Zvi Goffer.: ARCHAEOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY, Second Edition, A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION, Printed in the United States of America, 2007, pp.321-327.
Top