General Union of Arab Archeologists & Federation of Arab University in Cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists2537-026X5120200101EARLY MANUSCRIPTS OF QURAN (THROUGH DATA OF HIJAZI CALLIGRAPHY AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL EVIDENCE)1266840410.21608/jguaa2.2020.20688.1025ENYasser Ismail Abdel SalamProfessor at faculty of Archaeology, Cairo University, Egypt .0000-0001-6213-1792Adnan Bin Mohammed Bin MohammedAl-HarthyProfessor at Umm Al- Qura University, Saudi ArabiaJournal Article20191210<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(En)</strong></span> This research tackled the manuscripts of the early Quran (through the data of Hijazi calligraphy and archaeological evidence), reviewing the spelling phenomena that characterized Quran writing in close relation to the reality of Arabic writing. It also attempted to enlist the characteristics of calligraphy in early Quran copies as influenced by Nabataean script or what might be called early Arabic calligraphy (Hijazi calligraphy), comparing it with early Arabic inscriptions. Moreover, the study identified the relationship between the spelling system used in writing early Quran copies and the one used in early Arabic inscriptions, and attempted to conceive ways of identifying and dating the early Quran manuscripts preserved in regional and international libraries.<br />The study is mainly based on five copies of the Quran manuscripts preserved in international libraries and book houses; namely: <br />The Quran manuscript preserved in Berlin National Library (Berlin Quran), the Quran preserved in Birmingham University Library (Birmingham Quran), Tübingen University Library Quran (Tübingen Quran), the Quran preserved in the National Library in Paris (Paris Quran), and the Quran preserved in the British Library in London (London Quran).<br />This is in addition to a collection of stone inscriptions and early dated papyrus received.<br />The identification of the origin of Arabic calligraphy is significant for researchers of ancient Arabic inscriptions and of the Quran, whether in terms of the manuscripts or the drawings and other related sciences. Such identifications also enables identifying the characteristics of this calligraphy, especially the early ones with which the first Quran was written to explain those sciences and others, and to resolve the debate on the origin of the calligraphy with which the Quran in the era of the Prophet peace be upon him was written and copied in the era of the Caliphs, may Allah be pleased with them all.<br /> There are many trends and theories in determining the origin of the Hijazi Arabic calligraphy with which the Quran was written. A researcher of early dated Arabic inscriptions can easily identify a well-established writing system that writers followed, no matter how well that system resulted in conformity between what is written and what is pronounced.<br />The study concluded with a set of findings and recommendations, the most important of which are:<br />- The study proved that the early Quran copies received (samples of study) were copied and written in soft Hijazi calligraphy.<br />- The study and the models of Quran manuscripts used proved the authenticity of the Holy Quran, despite the claims of Orientalists and skeptics.<br />- The study revealed that most of the tithing marks were later on added in the early Quran manuscripts after their copying.<br />- The study proved that among the main criteria that assist in dating the Quran manuscripts, especially the early ones, are their technical standards, as well as the linguistic standards in comparison with the cultural heritage, and then the radioactive carbon (C14) examination.<br /> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(Ar) </strong></span><br /> تناول هذا البحث مخطوطات المصاحف المبکرة (من خلال معطيات الخط الحجازي والشواهد الأثرية)، واستعرضت الظواهر الإملائية التي تميز بها رسم المصحف على نحو أکثر صلة بواقع الکتابة العربية، کما حاولت حصر سمات خطوط المصاحف المبکرة المتأثرة بالکتابة النبطية أو ما يمکن أن نطلق عليه الخط العربي المبکر (الخط الحجازي)، ومقارنتها بمثيلاتها بالنقوش العربية المبکرة، وأوضحت تلک العلاقة بين النظام الإملائي المستعمل في رسم المصاحف المبکرة، والنظام الإملائي المستخدم في النقوش العربية المبکرة، وحاولت الدراسة وضع تصور لطرق تعيين وتأريخ المخطوطات المصحفية المبکرة المحفوظة في المکتبات الاقليمية والدولية.https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_68404_4e7ba2447c10421d685727aa159639e4.pdfGeneral Union of Arab Archeologists & Federation of Arab University in Cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists2537-026X5120200101THE CONCEPT AND UTILIZATION OF SWASTIKA ‘HOOKED CROSS’ ON ISLAMIC ARTEFACTS29516892210.21608/jguaa2.2020.18018.1024ENBoussy ZidanTourist Guidance department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Suez Canal University,Ismailia, Egypt0000-0002-2479-0196Journal Article20191009<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(En)‘</strong></span>Swastika’ is an equilateral hooked cross, it is one of the symbols that became popular to several nations of different cultures since prehistoric times. This symbol was associated, or rather, became symbol for some religious beliefs and spiritual concepts in some ancient civilizations. It has been extensively transmitted among several nations. Such prevalence proves the popularity that hooked cross ‘Swastika’ had attained, however, this caused the difficulty in determining its place of origin. Some historical studies suggested India as ‘Swastika’s’ homeland by the end of the Bronze Age, since it was predominantly a religious symbol of Hindus, Jains, and Buddhists. The spread of Buddhism religion which held the hooked cross ‘swastika’ as a holy symbol, led to the emergence of swastika in China and Japan as symbol of prosperity. However, others, due to some evidences, pointed out to Mesopotamia, land of the oldest known civilization on universe, which later became a cultural center extended from the Near East to Central Europe, and in Asia it had widespread and reached as far east as China. In addition, hooked cross had been contemporary to ancient Egyptian civilization. This had been assured by the discovery of a rock drawing in the western desert of Upper Egypt. In late historical times, precisely, the Byzantine empire, hooked cross was also in use. Furthermore, it was in use in the Coptic art as well. Hooked cross ‘Swastika’ continued to be used in ancient historical eras; contributed in their arts, and till the modern era. In addition, the widespread of ‘Swastika’ resulted in being associated with several terms; Gammadion cross or Crux Gammata, Hakenkreuz, Fylfot (fower foot), Wan in china, Manji in Japan, Tau cross, and Thor’s hammer. In addition, each society used Swastika in a distinct fashion; it sometimes symbolized the Sun, good fortune, fertility, religious beliefs, etc. Through this stretched history, hooked cross’s symbolism had radically changed, especially in the 1st half of the 20th century A.D, after being chosen as symbol for the blossoming Nazi party founded by Adolf Hitler in Germany. Since then, the ‘Swastika’ had been effectively detached from its past, Germanized and reinvented as a symbol of German purity and supremacy. This paper enclosed a briefed history of the hooked cross ‘Swastika’ since its emergence, with stating the diverse thoughts of its place of origin. This is succeeded by the symbolism of the hooked cross ‘Swastika’ and the changes happened lately. The final point is the outline of applying hooked cross ‘Swastika’ in Islamic Art, this is supplemented by some chosen Applied artefacts demonstrating this. <br /><br />This paper aims at:<br />- Illuminating on one of the most unique symbols with differ meanings and argumentative as well. <br />- Focusing on themes of association between different nations on vast areas since very ancient times.<br />- Deducing the Islamic art’s tendency to admitting decorative elements of several cultures, if there is no conflict with Islamic faith.<br />- Hinting that absolute facts or concepts are not exist, and symbols – such as ‘Swastika’ are liable to multiple changes.https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_68922_f1a09a2f27b8f5db140fb217905f6502.pdf