General Union of Arab Archeologists & Federation of Arab University in Cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists
2537-026X
2537-0278
4
2
2019
07
01
CROSS- CULTURAL EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE ISLAMIC WORLD AND EUROPE (IZNIK CERAMIC AND ITALIAN MAIOLICA AS A CASE STUDY)
1
46
EN
Boussy
Zidan
0000-0002-2479-0196
Tourist Guidance department, Faculty of Tourism and Hotels, Suez Canal University,Ismailia, Egypt
dr.boussyzidan@tourism.suez.edu.eg
10.21608/jguaa2.2019.11916.1022
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(En)</strong></span> The word ceramic is a term taken directly from the western world. It had been used to define the pots crafted in tile technique. In the Ottoman records “Evanî” was used instead of ceramics and “Kaşî” for tiles. This paper deals with the history of pottery in the Islamic world and in Europe. Islamic world is represented by Iznik. Iznik, historically Nicaea, town in the northwestern of Turkey. It lies on the eastern shore of Lake İznik. In 1331 A.D, Nicaea was besieged and conquered by the Ottoman Turks, who renamed it İznik. On the other hand, European pottery is represented by Italian maiolica. Such wares were produced in both the northern and the southern parts of Italy, but the wares were distinctly different. <br />A distinctive point of this research is the political and economic relations between the Ottoman Empire and Europe, and their influence on pottery production.<br />The main objective of this paper is dealing with themes of exchange in pottery production, between Iznik in Turkey, and Italy in Europe. This exchange took shape in the emergence of a special form of ceramic plates of Italian tradition in Iznik. This type of ceramic plates known as “Tondino” dishes. These plates had a characteristic form, they are composed of broad flattened rim with a deep well. This form of plates was fashionable in Italy around 1500-1530. Iznik workshops had produced identical samples of tondino plates in the contemporary period as well. <br />On the other hand, decorative elements of Iznik had greatly influenced Italian maiolica production. Of these spiral scrolls of the “Golden Horn”. ‘Golden Horn’ style is one of shapes of Chinese influence in the Near East. This style was imitated on Italian maiolica Albarello vessels. However, such influence did not come directly from china, but Iznik was a mediator. Furthermore, decorative elements of Rhodian style with their characterized polychrome design are imitated in Paduan workshops of Italy. This style showed a sudden change in the color scheme of Iznik pottery. Pale turquoise is applied for details, cobalt blue for the ground, however, green is lacking. Paduan imitation of Rhodian style was a clear form of adulation to the Ottoman Empire in the 17th century A.D<br /> In addition, various plates of Iznik production had combined between traditional decorative elements together with European heraldry of famous Italian families such as Venetian family of Morosini or the Dalmatian family Spingarolli de Dessa. Thus, such samples specifying a true image of the cross- cultural exchange between the Near East and the West.<br /><br />This paper aims at:<br />II. Shed light on the role of Muslim artisan in ceramic industry and their effect on the Western civilization, Italy in particular.<br />IV. Emphasizing that Muslim artisan had been influenced by the civilization of the West and adapted what suits their tradition and religion as well.<br />V. Illuminates on the influence of political and economic status of the Ottoman Empire and Italy on all industries; and ceramics in particular. <br /> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(Ar)</strong></span><br />يتناول هذا البحث اشکال التبادل الحضاري في صناعة الخزف ما بين العالم الإسلامي متمثلاً في خزف ازنيک الترکي، والخزف الأوروبي والذي يمثله الموليق الإيطالي. أحد اشکال هذا التبادل هو ظهور شکل مميز من الأواني الخزفية إيطالية المنشأ ضمن خزف ازنيک. هذا الشکل عُرف باسم اطباق "التوندينو" والتي کان لها شهرة في إيطاليا في الفترة ما بين ١٥٠٠- ١٥٣٠م. اشکال مماثلة لهذه الاطباق إيطالية المنشأ تم انتاجها في ورش ازنيک في نفس الفترة الزمنية. وعلى الجانب الآخر، العناصر الزخرفية التقليدية التي شاع استخدامها في خزف ازنيک کان لها تأثير في زخارف الموليق الإيطالي. ومن هذه التأثيرات زخارف "القرن الذهبي" التي اتخذت الاشکال الحلزونية أحادية اللون (الأزرق). مثل هذه الاشکال الحلزونية تم تطبيقها على اواني الالبريلو من الموليق الإيطالي. شکل آخر من التأثيرات الترکية على الموليق الإيطالي هو زخارف رودس متعددة الألوان والتي تم تطبيقها في ورش تصنيع الخزف في بادو. شکل آخر من التبادل او ربما الاندماج الفني هو الجمع ما بين الزخارف الترکية التقليدية جنباً الى جنب مع بعض شعارات النبالة الخاصة ببعض الأُسر الإيطالية. مثل هذه النماذج تسهم في تقديم صورة جلية عن التبادل الحضاري ما بين الأمم.<br /> <strong>يهدف هذا البحث إلى</strong><br /> إلقاء الضوء على دور الفنان المسلم في صناعة الخزف، وأثره على الحضارات الغربية، وبالأخص الحضارة الإيطالية.<br /> التأکيد على تأثر الفنان المسلم بالحضارات الغربية، حيث نهل منها ما يتناسب مع تقاليده ومعتقداته الدينية.<br /> إلقاء الضوء على الحالة الاقتصادية والسياسية لکل من الإمبراطورية العثمانية وإيطاليا وتأثيرهم على مختلف الصناعات، وبالأخص صناعة الخزف.
Tondino,Albarello,Iznik,Golden Horn,Italian maiolica
https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_37996.html
https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_37996_7d4ba5a25796f708a8a009bfe2213581.pdf
General Union of Arab Archeologists & Federation of Arab University in Cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists
2537-026X
2537-0278
4
2
2019
07
01
THE MARBLE BASES OF KUNYA ARK AND TASH-HAULI PALACES IN KHIVA DURING THE 13TH AH/ 19TH AD CENTURY
47
89
EN
Huda
Mohamed
Lecturer at faculty of archaeology, Cairo university, Egypt.
hadhood_hs85@yahoo.com
10.21608/jguaa2.2019.13029.1023
<br /><span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(En)</strong></span> Khiva is one of the most important cities in Central Asia and it has great geographical, historical, commercial and cultural significance. The architectural style of Khiva was characterized by use of the graceful carved wooden columns inside and outside the buildings in the city, whether religious buildings such as mosques or civil buildings (i.e. palaces and houses). These wooden columns were often used in the covered mosques for supporting the ceilings or in mosques that combine the summer and winter mosques to carry the arches of the outer aisles and the ceilings of the iwans. As for the schools, we do not find a common use of the columns due to their architectural design which depends on the court and rooms with arched iwans. As for the palaces, we find them frequently used due to the multiplicity of architectural units inside them between reception halls, official units, administrative, residential buildings and others. <br />These columns are usually based on marble or stone bases, not wood. Marble and stone are characterized by hardness, strength and durability in carrying wooden columns and protect them from damage due to humidity, rain and snow in the winter.<br />Marble bases are one of the main branches of marble products industry in Khiva, in addition to the manufacture of cenotaphs, tombstones, foundation plates, Fountains and others.<br />Therefore, the architect was keen to use them primarily in the construction, but also paid attention to their design and decoration using different decorative elements. Such art is as equally important as any other decorative arts (i.e. ceramic tiles that cover the walls or wooden ceilings covering the buildings). It is considered a monumental record and has great artistic and historical significance as it chronicles some of the important buildings in the city, which are mostly attributed to the 13th /19th century. Where the wooden column consists of a wooden block based on a marble base known as "Bay Uston", decorated by many decorative elements and inscriptions such as some poems, songs, advices and proverbs, the names of manufacturers who were not refered to in sources and references, as well as history of the buildings and manufacture of those columns.<br />The study will be limited to the marble bases inside Kunya Ark and Tash-hauli Palaces in Khiva. In these fortified palaces, the Khorezmian aristocratic class such as khans of khorezm, the rulers of cities and the princes of some independent emirates lived. On the other hand, the marble bases were in good condition, characterized by their distinctive unique style and give us a clear picture about the marble bases in Khiva during that period, but also highlight the most important features of engraved marble in Khiva. <br />This research aims to study the marble bases in Khiva through two models of the most important remaining palaces in Central Asia from the 13th/ 19th century , namely Kunya Ark and Tash-hauli Palaces to identify the general shape of these bases, raw materials, the manner of their formation and decoration and the most important decorative elements such as the floral ornaments, geometric shapes, architectural elements and reading of inscriptions and analysis of their contents.
Marble Bases,Khiva,Kunya Ark,Tash-hauli,Agahi,Islimi,Islam Khawarezmi
https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_38257.html
https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_38257_8a464b8e660d6fcc527f2b932e63b87f.pdf
General Union of Arab Archeologists & Federation of Arab University in Cooperation with The Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).
Journal of the General Union of Arab Archaeologists
2537-026X
2537-0278
4
2
2019
07
01
LIGHTS ON THE ROYAL GUARD THROUGH THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TWO TITLES ḪNTY-Š AND ŠMSW
90
123
EN
Naglaa
Shehab
0000-0001-6515-0470
Al Alson Higher Institute Tourism Hotels And Computer- Nasr City, Egypt
shehab_n73@hotmail.com
10.21608/jguaa2.2019.6776.1020
<span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(En)</strong></span> The concept of royal protection in ancient Egypt was not only of great significance, but it was a variable, in accordance with the events of the times. The royal guards have an essential role throughout the Egyptian times in the service of the king or in securing them during their daily life work likewise in war but unfortunately, we don't know that much about ancient Egyptian guards. But with a few bits and pieces of information in historical records, like scenes on tomb walls and titles, we can still get an idea of ancient Egyptian guards and their duties. In spite of the large number of titles known from the Old Kingdom, none of these has been made an interpretation of or deciphered to signify 'guard', in the feeling of a person whose obligation was to give security to a man or a place. However it is unfathomable that no such people existed so as to secure the king, the royal family, the top administrators, the palaces, the rich temples, and so forth. While the presence of 'royal guards' would have been important in all periods, it should have been particularly so during the Old Kingdom, when the country did not have a standing armed force or police power to keep up open request. Amid times of inconvenience or potential inconvenience, for example, a change of dynasty or an argument about progression, for instance, the presence and loyalty of the guards would no doubt have been essential.<br />It may assume that the mission of the 'royal guard' in ancient Egypt does not go beyond the idea of 'protection' and that it belongs only to the military side, but by studying and analyzing the functions of the holders of the title of ḫnty-š and šmsw, make sure that 'protection' is a function with broad meaning, property protection was not limited only to the person of the King only, but also military and religious and civil institutions. <br /> ḫnty-š have had responsibilities related to the Egyptian frontiers. They executed the king's orders and protected funerary property. They also attached to royal mortuary temples, where they performed services for the deceased king. Their responsibility as in guarding, making the king's way, and in attending. They acted as escorts to the king in victory celebrations, military reviews and hunting events. <br />The man who holds the title šmsw could perform different tasks .They likewise associated with the working of the two most imperative organizations: the treasury and the granary. Their exercises in the Nubian fortresses involved administrative tasks too. They participated in the mining and paramilitary expeditions, the reward ceremony and in accompanying the royal procession in Tell El Amarna scenes. The šmsw show, through the texts of Ramesses II, a significant military strategic role of the royal bodyguard and it was one of their most critical roles.<br />The royal protection including: the protection of the Egyptian borders, funerary temples and participation in the celebrations of victory, military ceremonies, mining campaigns and hunting. In addition the implementation of royal orders, including sending correspondence to the provinces or persons and many other public works in the sites and fortresses.<br /> <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><strong>(Ar)</strong></span><br /> إن مفهوم الحماية الملکية في مصر القديمة لم يکن ذو أهمية کبيرة فحسب، بل کان متغيراً وفقاً لأحداث العصر. ولم تقتصر مهمة "الحرس الملکي" فى مصر القديمة على الحماية المنوطة بالجانب العسکرى فقط، بل إنه بدراسة وتحليل وظائف کل من حاملى لقب <em>Ḫnty-š</em> و<em>šmsw</em> تأکد أن "الحماية" هى وظيفة ذات مدلول واسع وأن الحماية الملکية لم تکن قاصرة فقط على شخص الملک فقط بل على مؤسساته العسکرية والدينية والمدنية أيضا.<br /> لقد شغل حاملى لقب <em>Ḫnty-š</em> العديد من الوظائف الخاصة بالحماية الملکية منها: حماية الحدود المصرية والمعابد الجنائزية والمشارکة بالحضور فى الاحتفالات بالنصر والمراسم العسکرية والصيد وتنفيذ الاوامر الملکية ومنها ارسال المراسلات للمقاطعات أو الأشخاص.<br /> ومن جانب آخر لعب حاملى لقب <em> </em><em>šmsw</em> دوراً استراتيجياً عسکرياً هاماً کقوات "الحرس الملکى الخاص" من خلال معارک الملک " رمسيس الثانى" ويعد ذلک أحد أهم أدوارهم. وارتبط العديد من الوظائف الأدارية لحاملى اللقب بمؤسستين رئيسيتين فى مصر القديمة وهما: "الخزانة" و"صوامع الغلال"، بالأضافة إلى دورهم فى المشارکة فى حملات التعدين وأمدادات الجيش والعديد من الأعمال العامة الأخرى فى المواقع والحصون<br /> <strong><br /></strong>
ḫnty-š,šmsw,royal guard,royal bodyguard,royal protection,palace guards,follower,attendant,retainers,xnty-S,Smsw
https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_30930.html
https://jguaa2.journals.ekb.eg/article_30930_23b6c933de789dcdcc88334d6058a69b.pdf